A Comprehensive Framework for Comparing Textbooks: Insights from the Literature and Experts

Textbooks are essential components in the learning process. They assist achieving educational outcomes and developing social cultural values. However, limited studies provide comprehensive frameworks for comparing textbooks. Most have focused on a specific textbook perspective within particular discipline. Therefore, this study used triangulation method to develop framework comparison. Through systematic literature review two-round Fuzzy Delphi with 155 experts, comparison four indicators (structure, content, expectations, language) was developed. Additionally, some of developed sub-indicators could be relevant textbooks For example, page count sub-indicator proven useful humanities science but not natural The findings facilitate process textbooks, hence promoting understanding knowledge design acquisition different contexts, such as when from countries.